{"id":32519,"date":"2016-10-11T08:00:24","date_gmt":"2016-10-11T11:00:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/?p=32519"},"modified":"2017-07-25T09:13:25","modified_gmt":"2017-07-25T12:13:25","slug":"the-importance-and-challenges-of-putting-favelas-on-the-map","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/?p=32519","title":{"rendered":"The Importance and Challenges of Putting Favelas on the Map"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2eo2c5N\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><em>Clique aqui para Portugu\u00eas<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-23766\" src=\"http:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/PT-e1439583827971.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Mapping Rio de Janeiro\u2019s favelas can be a\u00a0contentious political and social issue, and\u00a0the debate\u00a0has only amplified\u00a0in the last few years, as Rio hosted increasingly high-profile global <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1CyLaE2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mega-events<\/a> like the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1pvpuE4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2014 World Cup<\/a> and this year&#8217;s <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1pXMFVa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Summer Olympics<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Google&#8217;s efforts to delete\u00a0and then map favelas<\/h3>\n<p>In 2013, <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1124LXa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly at the request of the city government\u00a0and tourism companies<\/a>, Google removed the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1jSBFbc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">word &#8220;favela,&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0and often any labels of the communities themselves,\u00a0from its maps of Rio\u2013communities which represent nearly one-quarter\u00a0of Rio\u2019s population. Searches yielded entirely wrong results or none at all, and\u00a0the densely populated areas appeared on the map as beige-tinted blank spaces, or, at best, a series\u00a0of empty outlines of squares that vaguely suggested houses.<\/p>\n<p>The absence of favelas from the world\u2019s most ubiquitous\u00a0mapping tool has serious practical\u00a0consequences\u2013<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1pPCSj5\">local businesses<\/a> and street names do\u00a0not appear\u00a0in search results, making it even more challenging for anyone\u00a0unfamiliar with the neighborhoods\u00a0to access reliable directions\u2013as well as less tangible, symbolic\u00a0repercussions for residents.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;For me, the fact\u00a0of not being on the map, creates\u00a0a sense of <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1NOrIKU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exclusion<\/a>. That we are not part of the city, that we are not part of the traditional script,&#8221; said Paulinho Otaviano, a resident and local guide in <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1hXNzRG\">Santa Marta<\/a>, in an interview in\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2c4kB0O\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Todo Mapa Tem Um Discurso<\/em><\/a> (Every Map Has a Discourse), a documentary that explores questions of mapping, geography, identity and representation in Rio&#8217;s favelas.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;It doesn&#8217;t make sense for us to be excluded from this reality,&#8221; he added.<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/q6wxVsxqhSo\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0failure to map the\u00a0favelas, however, long predates\u00a0Google and 360-degree videos. For years, most favelas did\u00a0not even appear on the official maps created by the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/pIO8HG\">Pereira Passos\u00a0Institute<\/a>\u00a0(IPP), Rio&#8217;s\u00a0city planning\u00a0agency\u2013despite the fact that these communities have been the focus of a number of new planning initiatives in the last decade.<\/p>\n<p>The IPP\u00a0only began to close some of the gaps in 2013, when, in conjunction with the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1BJBrYw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defunct<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1rk3pKh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UPP Social program<\/a>\u00a0(and later the defunct\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1BFclvS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rio+Social<\/a>\u00a0program), it <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2cCqfMN\">mapped 12 favelas<\/a>, comprising 56 communities\u2013a tiny\u00a0percentage of the city&#8217;s thousand favela\u00a0communities.<\/p>\n<p>The changes to Google&#8217;s maps that same year, enacted before the World Cup brought tens of thousands of tourists to Rio, were <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/12Vq9AI\">reportedly the result of a campaign<\/a> waged since 2009 by the mayor&#8217;s office and state tourism company <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2bQJst2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Riotur<\/a>\u00a0to have the word &#8220;favela&#8221; removed from maps and replaced with\u00a0\u201c<em>morro<\/em>\u201d (hill), or nothing at all. As a result, communities like <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1m4JS9c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rocinha<\/a>, Rio&#8217;s largest favela, and <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2d5sOoJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Favela Morro da Chacrinha<\/a>\u00a0in the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1kZa7gI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">West Zone<\/a>,\u00a0had the word <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2c9pSbY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dropped from their names<\/a>, while others like <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1rIlhJj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cantagalo<\/a>\u00a0in the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1pfz23A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">South Zone<\/a>\u00a0became &#8220;Morro do Cantagalo.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Some\u00a0favelas are commonly\u00a0known as <em>morros<\/em> or have the word in their name, but many\u00a0residents saw the change as yet another way to\u00a0minimize evidence of their presence in the city.<\/p>\n<p>At the time, Rio&#8217;s <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1p58Mry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Popular Committee for the World Cup and Olympics<\/a>, which has organized campaigns calling attention to rights violations\u00a0associated with mega-events in Rio, <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2cdhGrd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commented<\/a>:\u00a0&#8220;The virtual removal is part of a city project that tries to hide poverty and the poor as much in virtual environments as in reality, with <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1Tg0lMI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">forced removals<\/a>.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>According to the team behind <em>Todo Mapa Tem Um Discurso<\/em>, the move to rename the favelas\u00a0suggests that these areas contain\u00a0nothing of interest or are simply uninhabited\u2013even communities like Rocinha and\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1rNMXO3\">Complexo da Mar\u00e9<\/a>,\u00a0and others that are officially registered as neighborhoods, these two with well over 100,000 residents each.<\/p>\n<p>In his interview in the documentary, <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1tk7TUq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">community journalist and Rocinha resident<\/a> Michel Silva explained:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;Rocinha has been considered a neighborhood since 1993, but when you look on Google, it doesn&#8217;t have a single\u00a0street registered. Only the streets there at the entrance. It doesn&#8217;t have <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/19bLMEp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laboriaux<\/a>, or Caxopa street, which are traditional streets that everyone knows. Rocinha is internationally known\u00a0and it doesn&#8217;t have anything on Google?&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Google has finally begun to respond to these criticisms and\u00a0made some public steps\u00a0toward remedying this deficit. In 2014, shortly after\u00a0it removed the word &#8220;favela&#8221; from the maps, the <a href=\"http:\/\/fus.in\/29FZvbB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tech giant began to work<\/a> with <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/RiVV2l\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AfroReggae<\/a>, a local NGO, to map\u00a0some of the very communities it had just deleted.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2ckKpYz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">T\u00e1 no Mapa<\/a>\u00a0(On the Map) project incorporated\u00a0innovative techniques\u00a0to\u00a0map areas that are not accessible to vehicles, including\u00a0sending out <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2av1P2a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">volunteers outfitted\u00a0with high-tech recording backpacks<\/a> known as Trekkers, rather than its usual periscope-wielding\u00a0cars, to map the pedestrian-only favela streets. The mapping teams, often made up of residents, worked in conjunction with local chambers of commerce and neighborhood\u00a0associations to document and register local businesses, streets, landmarks and points of interest.<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UD9DiPHaSR8\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>According to Google, when it began the collaboration back in 2013, <a href=\"http:\/\/on.mash.to\/2bVg82U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">only .001% of Rio&#8217;s favelas<\/a>\u00a0appeared on official maps. As of July 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2aUOaGD\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the teams had mapped 26 favelas<\/a> and added more than 10,000 businesses to Google Maps, with a few more projected to be completed by the end of the year.<\/p>\n<p>Just before the Olympics, Google&#8217;s Art and Culture project\u00a0also rolled out <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2aQHdlE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beyond the Map<\/a>, an interactive multimedia mapping project created in collaboration with <em><a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2cplRMG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Epic Magazine<\/a><\/em>, that offers\u00a0viewers an <a href=\"http:\/\/for.tn\/2aKbULx\">immersive introduction to a few of Rio&#8217;s communities<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The narrator\u00a0in the English introduction explains\u00a0that many viewers may think of favelas as an &#8220;uncharted and mysterious spot\u00a0on the map&#8221;\u2013despite international recognition of some favelas, and the fact that their &#8220;uncharted&#8221; nature is, at least in part, a direct result of Google&#8217;s failure to add them to those very maps.<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gN9-ZdNC6s0\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Visitors\u00a0to Beyond the Map begin at the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1Vdm9po\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moto-taxi<\/a> stand at the bottom of the hill in <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1C0OFGu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">S\u00e3o Carlos<\/a>, in <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1p1GMFc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">central Rio<\/a>. From there, viewers can choose their next step\u2013a high-speed ride\u00a0to the top of the hill on one of the moto-taxis, or following dizzying\u00a0drone footage around the city to Complexo da Mar\u00e9, <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1nEeBwu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Complexo do Alem\u00e3o<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/T5QI5Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vidigal<\/a>, Rocinha and\u00a0the South Zone beaches.<\/p>\n<p>In each of these locations, viewers can access\u00a0video vignettes featuring residents like\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2ckiZ5a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paloma<\/a>, an ambitious programming student in Mar\u00e9; <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2bTY1gI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Luis<\/a>, a teenage ballet dancer from Alem\u00e3o; <a href=\"http:\/\/on.fb.me\/19N840F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Morenas de Sol<\/a>, an all-female drumming and performance group in Vidigal; <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2ckmAzU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ricardo<\/a>, the founder of <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2bUgFF9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rocinha Surf School<\/a>; and Jos\u00e9 J\u00fanior, coordinator of AfroReggae.<\/p>\n<p>In her interview, Paloma summarizes\u00a0the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2c7Y7hE\">feelings of exclusion<\/a> that affect many favela residents.\u00a0&#8220;The favela is a blank spot on the map,&#8221; she said. &#8220;It&#8217;s as if we didn&#8217;t exist.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Jos\u00e9 J\u00fanior outlined\u00a0the broader goals of the project, which extend beyond simply labeling streets and adding businesses to the physical map.\u00a0&#8220;Even though Rio de Janeiro has\u00a0the <a href=\"http:\/\/glo.bo\/11vcUuw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">largest population in these territories<\/a>, they&#8217;re places that seem to be invisible,&#8221; he said. &#8220;This is a project of inclusion. It&#8217;s more than digital, it&#8217;s social.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MpgDIq_veLE\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Not everyone views these projects so positively, though. Some residents have reportedly been resistant to the team&#8217;s efforts to photograph and map their homes or businesses, while others have suggested the primary motivation for Google and Microsoft&#8217;s favela-mapping initiatives <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1qE0QMy\">comes from the potential for profit, rather than altruism<\/a>. Nor is AfroReggae the only group\u00a0organizing grassroots mapping efforts\u2013residents of Mar\u00e9 have <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1GyoUdG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">created their own neighborhood map<\/a>, Vidigal has <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2cmF7fb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its own map for visitors<\/a>, and others have contributed to open-source <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2cznISt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maps of favelas on Wikimapia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>As favelas begin to repopulate Google\u2019s maps, though, these sectors still lag far behind other parts of the city in terms of representation and accuracy. The Google Street View images for the section of Mar\u00e9 close to Avenida Brasil, for example, date back to\u00a02011\u2013making them particularly outdated\u00a0in the architecturally dynamic\u00a0space of a favela. The images for the entrance to <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1jqQCNc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Provid\u00eancia<\/a> are from\u00a02012, and the entrance to <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1CSCYi2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Babil\u00f4nia<\/a>\/<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/WJPjDT\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chap\u00e9u-Mangueira<\/a> was documented in\u00a02014, while there are no Street View images at all for Santa Marta or Vidigal, even despite these being two of the most popular\u00a0favelas among tourists.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_32556\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32556\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/vidigal-map.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-32556 size-content\" title=\"The current map of Vidigal, featuring the names of streets and businesses. Image from Google Maps.\" src=\"http:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/vidigal-map-620x264.png\" alt=\"The current map of Vidigal, featuring the names of streets and businesses. Image: Google Maps. \" width=\"620\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/vidigal-map-620x264.png 620w, https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/vidigal-map-940x400.png 940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-32556\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The current map of Vidigal, featuring the names of streets and businesses. Image from Google Maps.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Even when there are Street View images, they rarely extend\u00a0beyond a few blocks up the primary entrance road to the community. The one notable exception to these gaps is the relatively flat and grid-based (and car-accessible) <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1wwjhWi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">City of God<\/a>, which had its Street View images updated in February\u00a02016, likely as part of the new mapping project.<\/p>\n<p>Despite the progress on the\u00a0collaborative mapping initiative in some communities, many favelas still lack names on Google&#8217;s maps\u2013zoom in on <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1lU6eQ0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pav\u00e3o-Pav\u00e3ozinho<\/a>\u00a0in the South Zone, or Chacrinha\u00a0in the West Zone, and viewers will see a few street names,\u00a0but no name\u00a0to tell them\u00a0which community they&#8217;re\u00a0looking at\u00a0until they get close enough to catch the name of a school or the local <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1lIGSxv\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacifying Police Unit (UPP)<\/a>\u00a0base.<\/p>\n<p>Even\u00a0the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2aS1sSp\">Pokem\u00f3n Go craze has bypassed\u00a0favela residents<\/a>;\u00a0because the game relies on Google Maps data to populate its world with tiny monsters, a lone\u00a0Pokem\u00f3n is a rare sight in most favelas.<\/p>\n<h3>Controversies with navigation app Waze<\/h3>\n<p>Google is hardly the only technology company falling short\u00a0when it comes to mapping favelas. <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2bVhniM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Waze<\/a>, the navigation\u00a0app popular with those new to town\u00a0and Uber drivers, has been at the center of several recent controversies\u00a0about its approach\u00a0and safety features.<\/p>\n<p>In March 2013, actors Tadeu Aguiar and S\u00e9rgio Menezes had their phones, sound equipment and car stolen after <a href=\"http:\/\/glo.bo\/2c7ITJD\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Waze directed them to take a detour<\/a> through the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1CDXn82\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Costa Barros<\/a>\u00a0favela of <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1U6o0yV\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Complexo do Chapad\u00e3o<\/a>, in the North Zone.\u00a0In December 2015, 70-year-old <a href=\"http:\/\/cnn.it\/2bQFv7R\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regina M\u00farmura\u00a0was killed<\/a> when she and her husband Francisco followed their GPS into the Caramujo favela\u00a0in <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1ysPODX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Niter\u00f3i<\/a>, across the bay from Rio, where someone opened fire at\u00a0their car, hitting the vehicle with 20 bullets. In an interview with <em>CNN<\/em>, Francisco M\u00farmura blamed Waze for the tragic mistake.\u00a0&#8220;The app was responsible for everything. It was the Waze app who led us there. I have no doubt that they are responsible for it,&#8221; he said.<\/p>\n<p>Rumblings of concern about security and GPS tools\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2bAlfDL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">turned into an uproar<\/a> after\u00a0August 12, when\u00a0reserve\u00a0police officer Helio Andrade, from the distant state of Roraima,\u00a0was <a href=\"http:\/\/on.wsj.com\/2cdds30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shot and killed<\/a> when he and another officer mistakenly entered\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1Gd4bRb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vila do Jo\u00e3o<\/a>, in Mar\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>At the beginning of August, just before the Olympics began, Waze <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2c7YjO5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced it was debuting\u00a0a new safety feature<\/a>\u00a0called Crime Risk Alert, with a voice alert and bright red pop-up that would appear on the app when a driver entered one of 25 predetermined areas with &#8220;risk of crime.&#8221; According to Waze representatives, the <a href=\"http:\/\/cbsloc.al\/2c1h1G8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">update came in response<\/a> to demand from its users, including those in Brazil, one of the app&#8217;s biggest markets and the <a href=\"http:\/\/dailym.ai\/2bUnoPI\">only\u00a0location in the world<\/a> with this new feature.<\/p>\n<p>The level of risk was based on data from <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2c6O6Be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">public safety call center Disque Den\u00fancia<\/a>, and verified\u00a0by volunteer map editors in Rio. The areas vary in size from one city block to whole neighborhoods, but do not include high-traffic areas, even if they also report high levels of crime.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/waze-warning.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-32557 size-large\" title=\"An example of the Waze risk alert. Image: Waze.\" src=\"http:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/waze-warning-1024x855.jpg\" alt=\"An example of the Waze risk alert. Image: Waze.\" width=\"620\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/waze-warning.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/waze-warning-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/waze-warning-768x641.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Waze <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2bf5osC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quickly faced criticism<\/a> from some residents, who said the warnings would\u00a0only <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1JVdggj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reinforce\u00a0stigma<\/a>\u00a0and negative perception of these areas. Representatives\u00a0countered by saying <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2bTnQec\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Waze\u00a0was intentionally not releasing<\/a> the names of the &#8220;high-risk&#8221; neighborhoods or displaying them on a map to avoid <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2alCmJC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">appearing to criminalize them<\/a>.\u00a0Drivers only receive the alert if they enter an address in one of the areas as their destination, or enter a &#8220;risky&#8221; neighborhood with the app open on their device.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe haven\u2019t said you\u2019re about to enter a\u2026 favela; we\u2019re calling it an area with higher crime,\u201d said\u00a0Julie Mossler, head of brand and global marketing at Waze, in a statement. \u201cHigher crime is data-driven. It\u2019s not blanketly naming a neighborhood dangerous.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Still, many residents remain unconvinced. In an article in community media outlet <em><a href=\"http:\/\/on.fb.me\/1qm6kNm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Viva Rocinha<\/a><\/em>,\u00a0one resident said,\u00a0\u201cWhen you map a part of the city and say that one part is dangerous and the other not, you are excluding people.\u201d A Waze spokesperson told <em>Quartz<\/em>\u00a0that Rocinha is not one of the 25 areas with alerts, though <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2baHJLB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an article in the <em>O Dia<\/em> newspaper<\/a> quoted sources stating that Rocinha was among the high-risk areas, along with communities like Alem\u00e3o, Mar\u00e9, Chapad\u00e3o and Cajueiro.<\/p>\n<h3>Mapping and forecasting crime in Rio<\/h3>\n<p>Near the end of August, the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1RahocG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Igarap\u00e9 Institute<\/a>, a Rio-based security and policy think tank, unveiled\u00a0its own mapping tool\u00a0to track\u2013and forecast\u2013crime across the city.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2c7ZgXx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CrimeRadar<\/a>, touted\u00a0as the world&#8217;s first public crime-forecasting tool based on open-access data, compiled data from 42 state\u00a0police precincts, government entities and calls to Rio&#8217;s 190 emergency call system, on crimes committed between January 2010 and March 2016, totaling more than 14 million different crime events. The <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2c1gnXs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">so-called &#8220;pre-crime&#8221; app<\/a> also incorporates predictive analysis algorithms and tools to attempt to map future\u00a0crime trends, essentially forecasting\u00a0where crimes may be most likely to happen in the next week.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_32555\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32555\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/crimeradar.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-32555\" title=\"CrimeRadar allows users to view incidence and probability of different types of crimes in 250-square-meter areas across the city.\" src=\"http:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/crimeradar.png\" alt=\"CrimeRadar allows users to view incidence and probability of different types of crimes in 250-square-meter areas across the city. Image: Igarap\u00e9 Institute.\" width=\"620\" height=\"319\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/crimeradar.png 940w, https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/crimeradar-300x154.png 300w, https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/crimeradar-768x395.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-32555\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">CrimeRadar allows users to view incidence and probability of different types of crimes in 250-square-meter areas across the city.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>CrimeRadar, which\u00a0runs\u00a0on both desktops and smartphones,\u00a0displays its predictive data as a color-coordinated heat map, where the potential risk in a given part of the city is coded on a scale of 1 to 10 and displayed with a corresponding\u00a0color. Users can filter information based on the severity, category and frequency of different types of crimes,\u00a0and view either historical records\u00a0or predictions for the upcoming days, broken down\u00a0by time of day.<\/p>\n<p>The effort to increase citizen access to public safety information that is typically\u00a0only available to law enforcement and government entities\u00a0is admirable, but there are concerns about potentially contributing to stigmatization of certain communities.<\/p>\n<p>CrimeRadar&#8217;s creators have stated that they considered these issues when designing the app.\u00a0Rather than delineating neighborhoods as in\u00a0the approach used by Waze, CrimeRadar displays the city in a uniform series of 250-square-meter zones,\u00a0and does not include any profiling information about alleged perpetrators or victims of crimes.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, Robert Muggah, a specialist in security and development and Research Director of Igarap\u00e9,\u00a0says part of the aim of the app is to show residents and visitors to Rio that crime is not necessarily concentrated in favelas or low-income areas, and that risks may be greater\u00a0in high-traffic tourist areas.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe developed CrimeRadar to help trigger and drive a more data-driven and evidence-based debate on public security in Rio de Janeiro,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2blTVub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he told <em>WIRED<\/em><\/a>.\u00a0\u201cThe idea is to create a reliable source of information rather than rely on episodic news reports which contribute to a sense of hysteria. Our goal is to make what are already publicly available statistics accessible and actionable for citizens.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The source\u2013and extent\u2013of the data being used is a potential cause for concern. While Igarap\u00e9&#8217;s app uses the most complete set of available official information, many crimes in Rio go unreported, and police officers are <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1JQ4Gf7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">known for tampering with crime scenes<\/a>\u00a0or mischaracterize crimes in their official reports, often to <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1gCtmBB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cover up human rights abuses<\/a>. This unreliability of official data, and the simultaneous\u00a0criminalization of certain neighborhoods and communities, is exactly\u00a0what has given rise to citizen-driven apps like <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/28vWKiY\">DefeZap<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1qwWfU2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">N\u00f3s por N\u00f3s<\/a>\u00a0which allow citizens to <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1tkIvgw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report incidents and violations by the police in their communities<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>At the same time, many of the largest favelas are not yet included on CrimeRadar, including communities\u00a0like Mar\u00e9 and Alem\u00e3o which have suffered high levels of <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1k3YzNi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">police violence<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1JInIcG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rights violations<\/a>. According to the app&#8217;s\u00a0creators, this omission is due to the lack of reliable official data\u2013yet another way in which favelas are excluded from the &#8220;official&#8221; geography of Rio.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe data gathered from these areas is often unreliable and subject to high levels of volatility,&#8221; explained\u00a0Muggah.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhile we would like to fill in current data gaps\u2013such as the favelas\u2013our ability to do so depends on improvements to the quality of data collection and reporting,&#8221; Colin Gounden, CEO of Boston-based &#8220;big math&#8221; firm <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2ckxOV8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Via Science<\/a>, which worked with Igarap\u00e9 to develop the app&#8217;s predictive tools, told <em>WIRED<\/em>. He said there were currently no plans to incorporate crowd-sourced reporting on crime in these areas because of concerns about reliability of the resulting data.<\/p>\n<h3>Video game mapping<\/h3>\n<p>Ironically, the most widely-known maps of favelas may not even depict\u00a0real favelas.\u00a0For years, video game designers\u00a0have coopted the image\u00a0of favelas to create visually interesting environments for players, building\u00a0on the stereotypes of favelas as violent, lawless and poorly constructed. This summer, designers of Rainbow Six Siege released a teaser introducing the game&#8217;s new favela map, <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2bSFgKK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">marketed<\/a> as the game&#8217;s &#8220;most destructible map to date.&#8221; A favela map was also <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2cvg7Sh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">featured in two releases<\/a> of the popular Call of Duty game.<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/q-Y6PLrOGTg\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>While these maps do not show\u00a0actual favelas, and often perpetuate stigmatizing and negative <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/16pj5kx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stereotypes\u00a0about favelas and their residents<\/a>, they also feature more\u00a0attention to detail\u00a0than most official\u00a0maps of favelas.<\/p>\n<p>Still, the efforts of groups like AfroReggae and its\u00a0T\u00e1 no Mapa initiative, as well as <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/YrWrnO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">smaller mapping efforts at the local\u00a0level<\/a>\u00a0like the youth-led <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2cDrFH4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimapa project<\/a>\u00a0and a\u00a0community-sourced <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2cmF7fb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">print map of Vidigal that is updated annually<\/a>, show that communities are organizing and stepping in to fill the gaps.\u00a0This has helped them gain support from private-sector players like Google and Microsoft, though again, concerns remain about the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1vz358r\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">business motives of these multinationals<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The issue\u00a0of how to provide reliable, useful information to improve access, navigation and security\u00a0for everyone is an ongoing challenge in a city as complex and dynamic\u00a0as Rio, but simply erasing whole communities from the map is hardly a viable\u2013or effective\u2013solution, and it seems particularly targeted\u00a0at Rio\u2019s stigmatized favelas. After all, we haven\u2019t seen Google deleting the sites of mass shootings in the US, terrorist attacks in Turkey\u00a0or the repressive police crackdown in the Philippines\u2013all areas with significant violence. On the other hand, the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2cxBtyf\">recent outcry over Google Maps&#8217; approach to labeling Palestine<\/a>\u00a0suggests that the existence of political motives for\u00a0why the search giant chooses to\u00a0map certain areas is not exclusive to Rio.<\/p>\n<p>The development of new apps like CrimeRadar and resources\u00a0like Beyond the Map\u00a0are important steps toward increasing public access to necessary data, but the\u00a0limited scope of such technology\u00a0and the dangerous potential for reinforcing negative stereotypes also show just how far there still is to go in the effort to put\u00a0favelas on the map.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Clique aqui para Portugu\u00eas Mapping Rio de Janeiro\u2019s favelas can be a\u00a0contentious political and social issue, and\u00a0the debate\u00a0has only amplified\u00a0in the last few years, as Rio hosted increasingly high-profile global mega-events like the 2014 World <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/?p=32519\" title=\"The Importance and Challenges of Putting Favelas on the Map\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":122,"featured_media":26037,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1736,1288,1271,1670,1463,1329],"tags":[1361,9,750,1261,2163,756,280,32,504,506,221,2151,838,577,254,1259,1187,37,5,2471,809,1616,12,421,156,453,128,30,363,21,167],"writer":[2104],"translator":[],"illustrator":[],"photographer":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-32519","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-1736","8":"category-highlight","9":"category-favelaqualities","10":"category-favela-tourism","11":"category-perceptions","12":"category-by-international-observers","13":"tag-endfavelastigma","14":"tag-9","15":"tag-access","16":"tag-central-rio","17":"tag-chacrinha","18":"tag-community-organizing","19":"tag-complexo-da-mare","20":"tag-complexo-do-alemao","21":"tag-culture","22":"tag-exclusion","23":"tag-favela-culture","24":"tag-geography","25":"tag-google","26":"tag-inclusion","27":"tag-mapping","28":"tag-mega-events","29":"tag-morro-do-chapadao","30":"tag-north-zone","31":"tag-olympics","32":"tag-palestine","33":"tag-public-security","34":"tag-reference","35":"tag-rocinha","36":"tag-segregation","37":"tag-south-zone","38":"tag-stigma","39":"tag-technology","40":"tag-urban-violence","41":"tag-vidigal","42":"tag-west-zone","43":"tag-world-cup","44":"writer-natalie-southwick"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32519","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/122"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=32519"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32519\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/26037"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=32519"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=32519"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=32519"},{"taxonomy":"writer","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fwriter&post=32519"},{"taxonomy":"translator","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftranslator&post=32519"},{"taxonomy":"illustrator","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fillustrator&post=32519"},{"taxonomy":"photographer","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fphotographer&post=32519"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}