{"id":63072,"date":"2021-02-26T13:38:41","date_gmt":"2021-02-26T16:38:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/?p=63072"},"modified":"2025-09-13T14:08:37","modified_gmt":"2025-09-13T17:08:37","slug":"veiled-racism-in-the-criminalization-of-carioca-funk-part-1-let-the-favela-win-shine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/?p=63072","title":{"rendered":"Veiled Racism in the Criminalization of Carioca Funk, Part 1: &#8216;Let the Favela Win, Shine!&#8217;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/33dA2AA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><em>Clique aqui para Portugu\u00eas<\/em><\/strong><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2LcBRIl\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"alignright wp-image-23766 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/PT-e1439583827971.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>This is the first of two articles on the criminalization of funk music and oppression of black favela culture. <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/3b7Rpan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read part 2 here<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><strong>The Judiciary and the Criminalization of <em>Funkeiros<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u201cLet the favela win, shine, and don\u2019t try and destroy this!!\u201d and \u201cI made mistakes, I paid for them, I turned things around, and now I\u2019m at the top. The top, where the guy from a favela can never be, because if he gets there, he\u2019s a gangster\u201d<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span>these are the writings on the <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/33eeLXl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Twitter<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3fthwcl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Facebook<\/a> profiles of Marlon Couto da Silva, 20, the singer MC Poze do Rodo, also known as the Pitbull of Funk, right after charges were pressed against him for <a href=\"https:\/\/glo.bo\/3mnAnry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">association with drug trafficking, promoting crime and corruption of minors<\/a>. The charges were presented by the <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2La9N7Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rio de Janeiro court of justice<\/a> (TJ-RJ) and accepted by the Rio de Janeiro public prosecutor\u2019s office (MP-RJ), and his <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2TudJ4u\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">provisional arrest was decreed.<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"pt\">Deixa a favela vencer brilha e n\u00e3o tenta destruir isso !! &#x1f61e;<\/p>\n<p>\u2014 Mc Poze Do Rodo &#x1f6a9;&#x1f3b6; (@McPozedorodo) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/McPozedorodo\/status\/1280624327277318146?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 7, 2020<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Let the the favela win, shine, and don&#8217;t try to destroy this!!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The relation between the singer and the judiciary had intensified beginning in September 2019. MC Poze, along with five other people, <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/39QVuPQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">was arrested in the city of Sorriso, in the state of Mato Grosso<\/a>\u00a0and transferred on September 28 to the Pascoal Ramos prison in Cuiab\u00e1, as a way of guaranteeing public order. Poze, who was performing in the city, was arrested in a hotel with two other people from his team. According to the local judiciary, the singer was initially temporarily detained, a measure which was then turned into a preventative arrest and accepted by the Mato Grosso Court of Justice. The indictment was for <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3frtfIu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the following allegations<\/a>: \u201cdrug trafficking, being part of a criminal organization, association with drug trafficking, incitement and promotion of crime, corrupting minors, and supplying alcohol to minors.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The Mato Grosso police arrested the singer at a party at which he was due to perform. At the <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/37QF88O\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">party<\/a>, according to the Mato Grosso Military Police, small quantities of marijuana and cocaine were seized, and there was lots of alcohol. There were between 39 and 43 teenagers on the premises. The concert tickets were seized. The police officers did not clarify whether, what kind of, or what quantity of, an illegal substance was seized in the MC\u2019s possession. Nevertheless, Poze and five others were arrested on the same charges, <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/31Ht4Tt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">disregarding the legal principle of individualized charges<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Bebidas-maconha-e-cocaina-apreendidas-em-baile-funk-em-Sorriso-MT.-Foto-Policia-Militar-de-Mato-Grosso-1.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-63965 size-content\" title=\"Drinks, marijuana, cocaine and tickets apprehended at a baile funk in Sorriso, Matto Grosso. Photo: Military Police of Matto Grosso\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Bebidas-maconha-e-cocaina-apreendidas-em-baile-funk-em-Sorriso-MT.-Foto-Policia-Militar-de-Mato-Grosso-1-620x264.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Bebidas-maconha-e-cocaina-apreendidas-em-baile-funk-em-Sorriso-MT.-Foto-Policia-Militar-de-Mato-Grosso-1-620x264.jpg 620w, https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Bebidas-maconha-e-cocaina-apreendidas-em-baile-funk-em-Sorriso-MT.-Foto-Policia-Militar-de-Mato-Grosso-1-940x400.jpg 940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The <em>funkeiro<\/em>\u2019s (funk artist) legal defense argued in their <em>habeas corpus<\/em> request that the arrest of the MC, who is from <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2uanEiG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Santa Cruz<\/a> in the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2KVA7k7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">West Zone<\/a> of Rio de Janeiro, was an example of the <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mjCEE2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminalization of funk, of the favela, and of the peripheries<\/a> and favelas\u2019 artistic class. Their position\u2014and that of defendants of innumerable other <em>funkeiros<\/em>\u2014is the same as that of the <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2G1ZGzv\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Committee for the Defense of the Democratic State of Law<\/a> of the Rio de Janeiro chapter of the national bar association <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3kzEK24\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">(OAB-RJ), which produced a report<\/a> outlining the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2WKCqc5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">racism<\/a> which structures the <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3klPH6K\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">criminalization of favela culture<\/a>, from capoeira, samba, and jongo to rap and funk, as a legacy of slavery. This argument was accepted, and <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2HAtdRC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the singer was ordered released<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The judge accepted the argument of Poze\u2019s defense, ruling that the measure in place was \u201cdisproportional\u201d and \u201cexaggerated,\u201d and that the individual under investigation should have his right to defense and freedom guaranteed. As noted in the files: \u201cPreventative arrest, according to the interpretation in line with the constitutional profile, is an extreme measure that can only be used if its rigorous indispensability is proven, based on concrete motives which indicate the necessity of segregation.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The scenario faced by Poze is not something new to Rio de Janeiro <em>funkeiros<\/em>. Other artists from the funk movement have already been arrested, had their work equipment seized, or even had <em>bailes funk<\/em> (funk parties) closed down, and been banned from nightclubs and party, concert, or event venues. The 1990s in the city of Rio de Janeiro were strongly <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3oye1EL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">marked by these effects of the criminalization of the funk movement<\/a>. The owners of the main sound crews of the time, ZZ productions and <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2HFPHAZ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">R\u00f4mulo Costa<\/a> from <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/35RnUWD\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fura\u00e7\u00e3o 2000<\/a>, were indicted and arrested. In parallel with the persecution and arrest of the leaders of this artistic movement, approximately 30 <em>bailes funk<\/em> were closed down in the whole state of Rio de Janeiro, thanks to a parliamentary investigative <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Tw3Xys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commission (CPI) which investigated funk culture<\/a> and music.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Stories-Instagram-MC-Poze.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-63966\" title=\"Stories published by MC Poze do Rodo. Photo: @mcpozedorodo\/Instagram\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Stories-Instagram-MC-Poze.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"617\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Stories-Instagram-MC-Poze.jpg 498w, https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Stories-Instagram-MC-Poze-146x300.jpg 146w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>To MC Poze, the young <em>funkeiro<\/em> with <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/35HUDO2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">four million followers on social media<\/a>, who was raised in the <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2YqkOWu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rollas Favela<\/a>\u00a0in Santa Cruz, music is his profession. In July 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/glo.bo\/35z1bOU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">his life was once again splashed across the newspapers<\/a> with accusations made by the public prosecutor\u2019s office in Rio de Janeiro, claiming that the singer was involved with drug trafficking and was a part of the Red Command (CV) gang.<\/p>\n<p>Because he testified that he had previously been involved in the <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2HvHMWB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">drug retail trade<\/a> when he lived in Rollas between 2015 and 2016, in a new investigation, prosecutors claim that the singer was part of the criminal gang due to his March 2020 performance in the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2Mv09Nq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jacarezinho favela<\/a> at an event which celebrated a man linked to the Red Command. However, Poze and his lawyers point out that on the same night, the MC performed other concerts, in different venues, even in areas controlled by other gangs, which disproves the theory that he is involved with the CV gang for having performed in Jacarezinho.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2WOboAg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stigmatizing narratives<\/a> such as these contribute to the criminalization of funk culture and favela youth. They are part of the puzzle that <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2IXGJ2l\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">constantly links <em>funkeiro<\/em> youth to violence<\/a> and the drug trade in Rio de Janeiro and other cities in Brazil. What Poze do Rodo has experienced in relation to the Brazilian judiciary is not anything new for those who have chosen funk as their source of income or main leisure activity. Unsurprisingly, the 1990s were marked by the association of <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/35UVPi9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">famous mass muggings<\/a> on Rio\u2019s beaches with black <em>funkeiro<\/em> youths from the favelas, with various stereotypes being constructed around young people from favelas and peripheries. The 1990s and 2000s saw a lot of public and police interference in the <em>carioca funk<\/em> movement, as well as in the rap movement from S\u00e3o Paulo.<\/p>\n<p>Investigations, accusations, indictments, and arrests of artists, as well as the prohibition of cultural funk events in the favela have grown more and more common, becoming normal. This movement against funk reached such a point that the legislature began discussing two proposals legislating funk music. One wanted to <a href=\"https:\/\/glo.bo\/2ULLBek\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ban funk music nationally<\/a> and was presented in 2017 to the <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Tr5Gp0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Federal Senate<\/a>, through a popular suggestion of legislative discussion, under the argument that funk is a \u201cpublic health crime against children, teenagers and the family.\u201d The other proposal aimed to <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/35FmwWZ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recognize funk as a form of <em>carioca<\/em> cultural heritage<\/a>, and was presented within the Rio de Janeiro Legislative Assembly (ALERJ) in 2009. The first was rejected and the second approved. But structural racism re-organizes itself and continues its dominance.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Quadrinho-sobre-a-tentativa-de-criminalizacao-do-funk-no-Senado-Federa.-Arte-por-Raphael-Salimena..jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-63967\" title=\"Comic about the attempt to criminalize funk in Brazil's federal senate. Art: Raphael Salimena\/BBC\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Quadrinho-sobre-a-tentativa-de-criminalizacao-do-funk-no-Senado-Federa.-Arte-por-Raphael-Salimena..jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"1038\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Quadrinho-sobre-a-tentativa-de-criminalizacao-do-funk-no-Senado-Federa.-Arte-por-Raphael-Salimena..jpg 984w, https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Quadrinho-sobre-a-tentativa-de-criminalizacao-do-funk-no-Senado-Federa.-Arte-por-Raphael-Salimena.-179x300.jpg 179w, https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Quadrinho-sobre-a-tentativa-de-criminalizacao-do-funk-no-Senado-Federa.-Arte-por-Raphael-Salimena.-611x1024.jpg 611w, https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Quadrinho-sobre-a-tentativa-de-criminalizacao-do-funk-no-Senado-Federa.-Arte-por-Raphael-Salimena.-768x1286.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Quadrinho-sobre-a-tentativa-de-criminalizacao-do-funk-no-Senado-Federa.-Arte-por-Raphael-Salimena.-917x1536.jpg 917w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><strong>The Last 20 Years in the Funk Movement<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Over the last twenty years, from time to time, funk professionals have been arrested under allegations of being involved in drug trafficking and promoting drugs, the trafficking industry, and for weapons, while they were merely portraying the reality of the favelas and peripheries nationwide, based on the supposition that freedom of expression is guaranteed for all.<\/p>\n<p>Symbolic judicial decisions on funk culture, however, point to the contrary. Emblematic cases, with the same type of repeated abuse of authority and unfounded accusations, abound on the<em>\u00a0carioca funk<\/em> scene. The cases of the <em>funkeiros<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/glo.bo\/3e2Zyww\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">R\u00f4mulo Costa<\/a>, MC <a href=\"https:\/\/glo.bo\/31QfflP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colibri<\/a>, MC <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/34rhk9M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sap\u00e3o<\/a>, MC <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/31Cy8ss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Galo<\/a> and many others are examples of this criminalization. In the majority of these cases, the supposed links with drug trafficking were either not fully proven, or were proven in a doubtful or insufficient manner. Some, like MC <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/35GTxly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sap\u00e3o<\/a>, were released after months in prison due to lack of evidence or the weakness of the court case. Meanwhile others remained imprisoned for years, like MC <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/31R2MOR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colibri<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>However, in response to this targeted repression, there is solidarity from the funk scene. Despite the high levels of prejudice against people who have served time in prison, there are those who have experienced the same situation, gone through the same prison, and <a href=\"https:\/\/glo.bo\/3dPxpZS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">who try and help<\/a>. MC Colibri says: \u201cAs soon as I was out of prison, MC Marcinho created a funk song for me. But since then, I\u2019ve only come across closed doors. It was hard [to find] a DJ who wanted to display my work, someone who wanted to employ a man who had served time.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>On November 25, 2010, this situation changed with the Rio de Janeiros state Military Police implementation of its pacifying policy, through the Pacifying Police Units (<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/31b2JeF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UPPs<\/a>). The invasion and <a href=\"https:\/\/glo.bo\/2BAuaUP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">occupation by military troops of the Penha and Alem\u00e3o favela complexes<\/a>, with a <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3kCM25f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">strong media endorsement<\/a>, marked the start of a new era in Rio de Janeiro security policy. A policy of former governor <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2MKpGAE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">S\u00e9rgio Cabral<\/a>, who is now behind bars for corruption and money laundering, the UPPs\u00a0were launched under the idea that they would exterminate the armed drug trade in some of the city\u2019s favelas.<\/p>\n<p>According to the official line, along with tanks and bullets, democracy and freedom entered the favela. This was just talk, as days after the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2XRgRuR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alem\u00e3o<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/34AR8ac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Penha<\/a> favela complexes were occupied by army and police troops, the assault on favela culture intensified: MC <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3qyjNbr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tik\u00e3o<\/a>, MC <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/31OLZvK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Frank<\/a>, MC <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3ozZMjy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dido<\/a> and MC <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mqx4ji\">Smith<\/a>, all fairly well-known on the <em>carioca funk<\/em> scene, were arrested. The reason: for singing and composing their own funk lyrics, narrating the reality and the historical memory of Rio de Janeiro\u2019s favelas, in songs known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/33ajsS9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u201cproibid\u00f5es\u201d<\/a> (a funk sub-genre, literally &#8220;strongly banned&#8221;). Up until they were put in prison, <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2IqJ7ib\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">at the police station, they sang.<\/a> Freedom of expression and of artistic production, some would say, but nevertheless, they were arrested.<\/p>\n<p>It would not be this time that democracy and freedom entered the favela. Risking arrest, like what MC Dido suffered when he, born and bred in <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2Za1dI8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morro do Borel<\/a>, sang sentences including <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1ofkDYl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u201cUPP [swearing], leave Borel!\u201d<\/a>, is not freedom. At most, this is an inelegant political criticism, but even so it is <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2TwfoGM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fully guaranteed<\/a> under Brazil\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/RsgHDt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Federal Constitution<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>MC Tik\u00e3o, MC Frank, MC Dido and MC Smith were accused by the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2lcYfV1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Civil Police<\/a> of crimes such as incentivizing crime, association with drug trafficking, being part of a criminal organization, amongst others. When the singers were arrested, the police chief even accused the <em>funkeiros<\/em> of being part of the CV gang, which dominated the Alem\u00e3o favela complex at the time of the occupation in 2010. In an interview, delegate Sardenberg, who was responsible for most of these arrests, said that \u201cdrug trafficking has a voice\u201d and that the MCs are like any other workers in the drug trade. The media and the police itself said they are not \u201cagainst funk: good funk.\u201d This <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/37QljPd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">moral judgement<\/a> has been highly criticized, including <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2LdsLdL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">within the Civil Police.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The arrest of the <em>funkeiros<\/em> is part of a long history of criminalization of black favela culture and of denying legitimacy to black music genres from the favela and the periphery. After the cases were given visibility and lawyers took legal action, <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/31OtNlQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the MCs were released<\/a> through <em>habeas corpus<\/em> writs granted by the Brazilian Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<p>The arrival of the UPPs in favelas was evidence of <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3klPH6K\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an anti-funk and anti-favela culture wave<\/a>, in more general terms. Following this trajectory, various cultural centers in occupied favelas began to be surrounded by the UPPs, which used a <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3m1iVbI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">resolution<\/a> from the Security Secretariat to impede artistic and cultural expressions in the favelas where UPPs had been set up. In some areas under the control of the UPPs, for example <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/36VWxMu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chatuba da Penha<\/a>, funk balls were banned under <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/33VjwFB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Resolution 013<\/a>, which was a norm in <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/35NvwJI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Decree 39,355\/2006<\/a>, which was updated in 2007. The decree established that any artistic, social or sporting event in the state of Rio de Janeiro required the authorization of the commander of the <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mpSvkx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Firefighting Force<\/a> (CBMERJ), of the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2pzAtUL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Secretariat of Civil Defense<\/a> (SEDEC), of the commander of the local battalion of the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2WQxnqh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Military Police<\/a> (PMERJ), and of the current chief-officer of the Unit of Administrative and Judiciary Police (UPAJ) of the Rio de Janeiro Civil Police.<\/p>\n<p>In light of this, the favelas and peripheries with UPPs had their <em>baile funks<\/em> silenced as the UPP commanders <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3m1iVbI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">did not grant authorization<\/a> for the parties, despite the fact that the 1988 Federal Constitution eliminated any form of <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3e5k9Az\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">artistic censorship<\/a> and limitations of the <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3jDGia9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">right to gather<\/a> by any authority at any level of hierarchy.<\/p>\n<p>Around nine years later, cases of persecution and criminalization of funk professionals have not changed. In 2019, DJ <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2J7me3i\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rennan da Penha<\/a> was accused by the Civil Police of taking part in a criminal organization as <a href=\"https:\/\/glo.bo\/37NCgK1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u201cscout\u201d or \u201cactivity\u201d<\/a>, because, according to the judiciary, he described the police&#8217;s movement in the Penha favela on his social media channels.<\/p>\n<p>When he was interviewed on December 12 in the <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3e5bbDb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Conversation with Bial<\/em> program<\/a> on the <em>Rede Globo<\/em> TV network, the singer <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/34yscm2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rennan da Penha said<\/a>: \u201cI\u2019ve travelled to Egypt, Mexico, a few countries, I was going to go on tour in Europe, the US. Out of nowhere, they took everything from me. What happened could have been the end not only of my life, but of my whole career. I have 11 years of experience in funk, I fought hard to get where I am.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WahXNMMljHo\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>DJ Rennan da Penha remained under arrest for seven months, right when his career was growing fast and was gaining more visibility both within and beyond the Complexo da Penha and across the country. However, it was only after the decision by the Supreme Court\u00a0on <a href=\"https:\/\/glo.bo\/2G5971p\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">imprisonments after first appeal<\/a> that the DJ succeeded in being freed.<\/p>\n<p>Entities linked to the legal profession criticized the case as an inversion of the law: \u201cThe case of DJ Rennan, therefore, is an example of an enforceable judgement in which, in practice, an unfounded inversion of the burden of proof took place. This is because the prosecution did not actually prove the concrete practice of the imputed fact with the details of its circumstances. It was the judge who, based on unjustified inferences of evidence\u2014which lacked a base in knowledge\u2014completed the logical path that should have been taken alone by the prosecution.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>These young artists face quite similar accusations, which are also similar to those faced by any other criminalized funk artists. Two of them, <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3e6x98O\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DJ Iasmin Turbininha<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3kEyOVP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DJ Polyvox<\/a> (the creator of the 150 BPM, an accelerated funk beat), were also summoned to testify, but they were not arrested, unlike their colleagues Rennan and Poze. In the case of Iasmin, <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3oC8Wfu\">the only female black DJ from a favela to dominate the funk scene<\/a> with visibility in Rio and to be criminalized, the artist and other professionals who accompanied her needed to set up a crowdfunding campaign to cover the costs of her legal defense. Polyvox\u2019s lawyer said that the artist was called in to testify by the police chief who was trying to discover who financed the <em>baile funk<\/em> in <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2SoOMWL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nova Holanda<\/a>, in <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3lottlE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Complexo da Mar\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/33ajauD\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">In an interview<\/a> with the website <em>Z Mat\u00e9ria<\/em>, Polyvox\u2019s lawyer Dr. Estevan said, \u201cEveryone regrets the culture of discrimination towards funk, which unfortunately involves the <em>bailes<\/em> in favelas, ceasing to consider them a cultural expression of the Rio de Janeiro people and which is persecuted, precisely when professionals who commercialize their musical performances are asked to be heard in procedures of criminal investigations.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>More recently still, on October 29, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3oF2vs8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two Rio de Janeiro MCs were summoned<\/a> by the Civil Police in an investigation into promoting crime: MC <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3oCOjzO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cabelinho<\/a> and MC <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mE8EmF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Maneirinho<\/a>. In this case, MC Cabelinho himself recognizes the racism which has underpinned this entire process of criminalizing funk, for decades:<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/twitter.com\/cabelinhomc\/status\/1321841902443024391<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Faith!! What do you want me to sing about? What should I talk about? In many of my lyrics I portray what I have seen and lived, the violent daily life of any favela resident, and you can be sure that I will keep doing that for as long as I can. #Firetotheracists<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>And, as mentioned above, on the same date, October 29, 2020, another <em>funkeiro<\/em>, the artist MC Maneirinho, found out that he was being investigated for promoting crime. He <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3kSOPas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">made a statement in an interview<\/a>, saying: \u201cTo tell the truth, I can\u2019t even believe this is real. Is the police going to investigate Wagner Moura for playing the role of Pablo Escobar [on screen]? Does it go after the playboys [privileged young men who follow the latest trends] who head in to the favela to recount what goes on there in documentaries? I\u2019m an MC, I portray what happens in the communities, that is my art\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The musician lamented to his followers on social media what he classified as \u201ccowardice\u201d:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"pt\">\u00c9 COM MUITA TRISTEZA NO CORA\u00c7\u00c3O QUE VENHO INFORMAR TODOS MEUS F\u00c3S E AMIGOS, QUE FUI SURPREENDIDO ESSA SEMANA COM UMA INTIMA\u00c7\u00c3O. ESTOU SENDO ACUSADO DE APOLOGIA AO CRIME. PE\u00c7O MEUS SEGUIDORES E AMIGOS DA MUSICA QUE AJUDEM NESSA. N\u00c3O POSSO SER V\u00cdTIMA DESSA COVARDIA &#x1f92c; <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/ucZ0hxecMJ\">pic.twitter.com\/ucZ0hxecMJ<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2014 MC MANEIRINHO (@mc_maneirinho) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/mc_maneirinho\/status\/1321807395262287879?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">October 29, 2020<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>It is with much sadness in my heart that I inform all my fans and friends that I was taken by surprise this week with a [police] summons to give evidence. I am being accused of promoting crime. I ask my followers and friends from the music scene to help with this. I cannot be a victim of this cowardice.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Asking why young <em>funkeiros<\/em> bother the police, the judiciary, and other powers that be in Brazil, must be a part of the anti-racist struggle. Removing blame from youth who promote cultural and artistic displays in their favelas and peripheries, as well as in the wealthy neighborhoods of cities, must be at the heart of the anti-racist agenda. It is necessary to understand what underlies the State\u2019s constant actions in relation to the criminalization of favela culture. And to also understand how these favela artists feel about the accusations that they face, which change their lives forever.<\/p>\n<p><em>This is the first of two articles on the criminalization of funk music and oppression of black favela culture. <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/3b7Rpan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read part 2 here<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Ingra Maciel, a resident of <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2XW8L4i\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Acari<\/a>, is 28 years old and has a history degree from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and a postgraduate certificate in teaching the history of Africa from Col\u00e9gio Pedro II. She is currently a research assistant at UFRJ\u2019s Medialab. During her undergraduate degree she developed her research on the criminalization of carioca funk and its process of resistance, and she is currently studying carioca funk from a pedagogical perspective.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4><b data-stringify-type=\"bold\">Support\u00a0<\/b><b data-stringify-type=\"bold\"><i data-stringify-type=\"italic\">RioOnWatch<\/i><\/b><b data-stringify-type=\"bold\">\u2019s tireless, critical and cutting-edge hyperlocal journalism, online community organizing meetings, and direct support to favelas\u00a0<\/b><b data-stringify-type=\"bold\"><a class=\"c-link\" href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/DonateToRioOnWatch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/DonateToRioOnWatch\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">by clicking here.<\/a><\/b><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Clique aqui para Portugu\u00eas This is the first of two articles on the criminalization of funk music and oppression of black favela culture. Read part 2 here. The Judiciary and the Criminalization of Funkeiros \u201cLet <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/?p=63072\" title=\"Veiled Racism in the Criminalization of Carioca Funk, Part 1: &#8216;Let the Favela Win, Shine!&#8217;\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":212,"featured_media":63964,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1288,1328,1268,1463,328,336],"tags":[1361,555,662,2069,396,804,169,1184,2630,280,32,163,1396,1522,2988,125,3160,221,674,2030,501,499,1883,281,979,15,155,193,888,1189,1809,787,12,3253,571,383,668,796,268,458,3282,2444],"writer":[3262],"translator":[3183],"illustrator":[],"photographer":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-63072","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-highlight","8":"category-by-community-contributors","9":"category-favelaculture","10":"category-perceptions","11":"category-understanding-rio","12":"category-violations","13":"tag-endfavelastigma","14":"tag-acari","15":"tag-afro-brazilian-culture","16":"tag-alerj","17":"tag-art","18":"tag-borel","19":"tag-capoeira","20":"tag-chatuba","21":"tag-civil-police","22":"tag-complexo-da-mare","23":"tag-complexo-do-alemao","24":"tag-cpi","25":"tag-criminalization-of-poverty","26":"tag-cultural-production","27":"tag-cv","28":"tag-drug-traffic","29":"tag-favela","30":"tag-favela-culture","31":"tag-memory","32":"tag-freedom-of-expression","33":"tag-funk","34":"tag-jacarezinho","35":"tag-jongo","36":"tag-nova-holanda","37":"tag-oab","38":"tag-pacifying-police-unit","39":"tag-pavao-pavaozinho","40":"tag-penha","41":"tag-police-intimidation","42":"tag-racism","43":"tag-rap","44":"tag-resolution-013","45":"tag-rocinha","46":"tag-rollas","47":"tag-samba","48":"tag-santa-cruz","49":"tag-governor-sergio-cabral","50":"tag-social-media","51":"tag-state-violence","52":"tag-street-culture","53":"tag-supreme-court","54":"tag-war-on-drugs","55":"writer-ingra-maciel","56":"translator-constance-malleret"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63072","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/212"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=63072"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63072\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":81661,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63072\/revisions\/81661"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/63964"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=63072"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=63072"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=63072"},{"taxonomy":"writer","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fwriter&post=63072"},{"taxonomy":"translator","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftranslator&post=63072"},{"taxonomy":"illustrator","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fillustrator&post=63072"},{"taxonomy":"photographer","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rioonwatch.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fphotographer&post=63072"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}